Cultural Significance of the House of the Sun in Anime
Intro
The motif of the 'house of the sun' holds a prominent place in both anime and manga. Its cultural significance extends beyond mere visualization; it acts as a symbol representing warmth, hope, and growth. This article delves into the multifaceted interpretations and artistic expressions associated with this theme. By dissecting various characters and narratives, we aim to illustrate how the 'house of the sun' influences storylines and character arcs.
Character Profiles
Overview of Main Characters
In many anime and manga series, main characters often navigate their quests against a backdrop that includes the symbolism of the sun. For instance, characters in Naruto embody resilience, their journey often paralleling the sun's path across the sky. This connection highlights the themes of perseverance and emergence from darkness.
Another key character can be found in Your Lie in April. Kaori Miyazono represents the dual aspects of the sun: brightness and fleeting nature. Through her character, the narrative explores profound emotional themes surrounding life and loss.
Supporting Characters
Supporting characters also play a pivotal role in reinforcing the sun motif. In One Piece, characters like Nami and her dream of navigating the seas mirrors the pursuit of sunlight. Their interactions with the main character reflect various personal aspirations and struggles, showcasing how the search for light can drive multiple narratives.
Theme Exploration
Central Themes
The themes surrounding the 'house of the sun' are rich and varied. A prevalent theme is the idea of rebirth. Characters experiencing personal growth often find their path illuminated by sun-like wisdom.
The narrative arcs in Attack on Titan display this theme vividly. Characters evolve from despair to hope, akin to rising with the sun. The interplay between light and darkness serves both as a literal and metaphorical device throughout the series.
Cultural References
Culturally, the sun is revered in various Japanese traditions. It signifies life, energy, and the divine. The influence of Shinto beliefs is evident in stories that reference sun deities, such as Amaterasu. These cultural layers enrich the characters and settings in numerous series, providing depth and context.
Popular Series and Recommendations
Top Anime Series of the Year
The year brought several popular titles encapsulating the 'house of the sun' theme. Jujutsu Kaisen showcases characters whose battles against darkness invariably bring forth light. Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba demonstrates personal struggle leading to moments of luminosity.
Hidden Gems in Manga
Not all brilliant narratives gather attention. Children of the Whales offers a unique perspective on society living atop a giant sea of mud. Its relationship to sunlight evolves with the world established in the story, providing readers a thought-provoking experience.
"The beauty of the sun motif in anime and manga lies not only in its visual representation but also in the emotional resonance and thematic depth it adds to storytelling."
In summary, the exploration of the 'house of the sun' thematic elements in anime and manga provides a profound understanding of cultural nuances and artistic expressions. This motif not only shapes character development but also enhances narratives by weaving together personal journeys with broader mythological contexts.
Preamble to the House of the Sun
The concept of the House of the Sun holds significant relevance in the realms of anime and manga. This motif acts as a central theme, influencing narratives, character development, and artistic expressions. In Japanese culture, the sun symbolizes vitality, growth, and clarity. Thus, the exploration of this motif provides insights not only into the art form but also into the cultural psyche of Japan. By analyzing the House of the Sun, one can uncover how creators integrate these themes to convey deeper messages.
The importance of this topic lies in its multifaceted nature. It serves as a reflection of traditional beliefs while portraying modern societal values. For viewers and readers, understanding this motif enhances the appreciation of character arcs and plotlines that revolve around the symbolism of the sun. One can observe how light and shadow interplay in the stories, representing good versus evil or hope against despair. As such, the House of the Sun is more than just an artistic device; it embodies complex narratives that resonate with audiences on various levels.
Defining the Concept
The House of the Sun can be defined as a thematic element prevalent in various media forms, particularly in anime and manga. It represents not merely a physical space but an influential concept that encompasses ideations of warmth, enlightenment, and transformation. The term often alludes to settings that evoke feelings of aspiration, potential, and connectivity to nature. This can manifest in architectural designs, landscapes, or even metaphysical realms within narratives.
As a cultural construct, this concept can also reflect societal norms and aspirations and convey broader philosophical themes. It illustrates how creators utilize the sun's imagery to promote growth for characters and storylines, ultimately impacting audience engagement.
Historical Origins
The historical origins of the House of the Sun can be traced back to ancient Japanese beliefs and practices. The sun has been a critical figure in Shinto religion, symbolizing purity and divine power. It connects with the sun goddess Amaterasu, who plays a pivotal role in Japanese mythology. Such connections emphasize the sun's significance in shaping cultural narratives.
Furthermore, folklore and traditional art forms have often depicted the sun as a source of life and regeneration. As these narratives evolved, they integrated the sun’s symbolism into literature, painting, and, eventually, modern anime and manga. This historical backdrop enriches the contemporary understanding of the House of the Sun, showcasing its enduring relevance in Japanese culture.
This fusion of ancient beliefs with modern art forms illustrates the adaptive nature of cultural motifs, revealing their ability to resonate through time.
Cultural Significance of the Sun in Japanese Thought
The sun holds a profound place in Japanese culture, stemming from ancient traditions and belief systems that continue to influence contemporary thought. The motif of the sun is prevalent in various aspects of life in Japan, including art, religion, and daily practices. Recognizing this significance allows for a deeper understanding of how the theme of the sun shapes narratives in anime and manga. The House of the Sun serves not as a mere backdrop but as a pivotal element that informs character interactions and development while embodying broader cultural sentiments.
Shinto Beliefs
In Shintoism, the indigenous spirituality of Japan, the sun is revered as a deity, exemplified through the figure of Amaterasu, the sun goddess. She is not only a central figure in mythology but also represents creation and renewal. Her importance is reflected in various Shinto rituals and festivals, which often celebrate the cycles of nature and life. This reverence translates into popular media, emphasizing themes of hope and regeneration in both character and plot development.
The concept of purity is intrinsically linked to sunlight in Shinto culture. Sunlight is seen as a purifying force, one that dispels darkness and brings clarity. This notion can be observed in numerous anime and manga narratives where characters undergo transformations or revelations under sunlight, symbolizing their growth or redemption.
Symbolism in Folklore
Japanese folklore abounds with stories that depict the sun as a powerful force. The sun is often associated with vitality and virtue, appearing in tales where it rescues characters from despair or adversity. This symbolism often resonates in anime and manga, where the imagery of the sun signifies triumph over personal and existential struggles.
The significance of the sun in folklore can also be seen in the duality of light and dark. While sunlight symbolizes hope, darkness often represents despair or evil. Many tales illustrate this clash, reinforcing the value of light in achieving peace and harmony in the world. When examining character arcs within these narratives, it becomes apparent how the sun motif provides not just a visual element but also a thematic backbone that influences the direction and outcomes of stories.
The interplay between light and shadow in narratives often highlights the internal conflicts faced by characters, making their journeys relatable and engaging.
In summary, the cultural significance of the sun in Japanese thought is multifaceted and deeply embedded in both religious beliefs and folklore. These elements contribute to a rich narrative tradition within anime and manga, where the sun transcends its physical presence to become a symbol of hope, purity, and strength.
The House of the Sun in Popular Anime
The theme of the House of the Sun holds significant value within the realm of anime. It serves as an archetype representing energy, growth, and life. This motif often symbolizes the core qualities of characters and the narratives they inhabit. It can drive plots, enhance character arcs, and contribute to the overall thematic richness of works. Furthermore, the sun's representation embodies a fusion of cultural elements that invite viewers into deeper reflection on the human experience.
Key Works Featuring This Motif
Numerous anime incorporate the House of the Sun as a central theme. A few notable examples stand out:
- Naruto: This series portrays the sun as a symbol of hope and perseverance, especially in the character development of Naruto Uzumaki. His journey is tied to these concepts, embodying the light even in moments of darkness.
- My Neighbor Totoro: In this film, the sun represents warmth and family. The shifts between light and shadow parallel the ups and downs of childhood, crafting a landscape where the sun's glow becomes a source of comfort.
- Attack on Titan: The sun can be seen in the backdrop symbolism of freedom. Characters strive to find light amidst chaos, connecting the theme to the overarching narrative of human struggle against oppressive forces.
These works show varying interpretations of the sun that resonate with audiences. Each product distinguishes itself by offering unique storytelling perspectives, thereby enriching the audience’s understanding of Japanese culture.
Character Archetypes Linked to the Sun
Character archetypes often harness the qualities of the sun, enhancing the narratives in diverse ways. Some archetypes often associated with the sun include:
- The Hero: Typically, heroes embody vitality and energy, often leading the charge against adversity. They mirror the sun’s qualities through determination and brightness.
- The Mentor: Mentors provide guidance and wisdom. Much like the sun illuminates the path ahead, mentors shine a light on the journey, helping characters in their growth.
- The Guardian: These characters protect others, akin to the sun nurturing life. Their roles often reflect themes of sacrifice and devotion to others’ well-being.
In addition, these archetypes contribute layered meanings to character relationships and narrative conflicts. By contextualizing their actions and growth against the backdrop of the House of the Sun, anime deepens the emotional engagements for viewers.
"The sun symbolizes life and rejuvenation, themes crucial for exploration in animation."
Understanding these dimensions enriches discussions about character dynamics and thematic depth in anime, making the exploration of the House of the Sun essential for enthusiasts.
Artistic Representations of the Sun
Artistic representations of the sun in anime and manga play a crucial role in shaping narratives, character development, and aesthetic appeal. This motif not only serves as a visual anchor but also carries profound cultural and thematic significance. Through a strategic use of the sun, creators often convey complex emotions and ideas, linking characters' inner worlds to the broader universe they inhabit. As we delve into this topic, it becomes clear that the sun symbolizes hope, strength, and continuity, which resonates deeply with both artists and audiences alike.
Visual Styles and Techniques
The visual styles and techniques used to represent the sun within anime and manga vary significantly. Many artists adopt unique methods to capture the ethereal quality of sunlight or the harshness of its glare. For instance, the use of gradient coloring can create a transition from dawn to dusk, emphasizing the passage of time and the cyclical nature of life. The sun's brilliance might be illustrated through stark contrasts between light and shadow or through the soft, diffuse glow of sunrise.
Moreover, technical choices in animation or panel composition amplify the impact of solar imagery. For example, dynamic framing can draw the viewer's eye toward the sun as a source of inspiration or disturbance. Such techniques are not merely for aesthetic pleasure; they enhance the storytelling by linking visual elements with thematic concerns, particularly the journey of the characters.
Imagery and Color Schemes
Imagery and color schemes associated with sun representations further enrich the emotional fabric of narratives. Bright yellows and warm oranges evoke feelings of warmth, vitality, and life. On the contrary, deeper red hues can suggest tension or conflict, especially in climactic moments. The careful selection of colors often aligns with the storyteller's intent, serving as visual cues for audience emotions.
In many series, sunlight is contrasted with shadowy elements, reinforcing themes of duality. The presence of the sun can symbolize hope in dark times, creating a dichotomy that drives character arcs. Additionally, the arrangement of visual elements in relation to the sun can articulate concepts of destiny, as characters navigate their paths under its watchful gaze.
"The sun is not just a star; it represents the light of knowledge and the warmth of human connection in anime and manga."
As we explore these technical and thematic aspects, it is evident that the representation of the sun transcends mere decoration. It is integral to conveying deeper meanings and enriching the viewer's experience.
Thematic Exploration of Light and Shadow
The concept of light and shadow is pivotal in understanding the nuances of character development and narrative structure in anime and manga. These themes often symbolize contrasting forces that define journeys within the stories. As the motif of the sun is linked with ideas of warmth, hope, and enlightenment, shadow embodies despair, confusion, or hidden truths. This duality enriches the narrative and gives depth to characters and their arcs.
Contrasts in Character Development
Character arcs in many anime and manga reflect the tension between light and shadow. Characters often begin in darkness, representing internal struggles or societal challenges. As they undergo personal growth, they often "move towards the light," which can signify moral recovery, growth, or achievement. This journey is essential for audience engagement.
For instance, in the series "Naruto," Naruto Uzumaki is initially an outcast, shadowed by loneliness and rejection. His progression towards acceptance and recognition is a powerful illustration of moving from darkness to light. This transformation illustrates themes of resilience and determination.
The contrasts between characters, like a protagonist and an antagonist, can also highlight these contrasts. The protagonist may embody light, showing courage and kindness, while the antagonist might symbolize shadows through despair and anger. This dynamic not only shapes the plot but also invites viewers to reflect on their own experiences and beliefs, urging them to consider the complexities of good and evil.
Narrative Arcs Associated with Sun Imagery
Sun imagery is commonly woven into the narrative arcs found in anime and manga. It often represents significant turning points or climaxes in the storyline. For instance, in the anime "My Hero Academia," the concept of the sun is prevalent during moments of awakening or realization. When characters face their fears or embrace their powers, the setting often contrasts bright light against the dark background, symbolizing their triumph over adversity.
The sun also serves as a metaphorical guide. As characters navigate through dark times, their encounters with sunlight often signify hope or new beginnings. This layered meaning reinforces thematic concerns about personal growth and the struggle against adversity.
Social and Psychological Perspectives
In the context of anime and manga, the exploration of social and psychological perspectives on the house of the sun reveals much about the human experience. The sun's symbolism is often intertwined with themes of growth, comfort, and transformation, making it a powerful metaphor in storytelling. This section examines two key themes: the sun as a metaphor for hope and renewal, and the role it plays in the emotional landscapes of characters.
Sun as a Metaphor for Hope and Renewal
The sun's role as a symbol of hope and renewal is deeply rooted in various cultures and philosophies. In Japanese thought, the sun is celebrated in festivals and rituals that honor its life-giving force. In anime and manga, this metaphor is particularly prominent. Characters often undergo significant personal journeys where they emerge stronger after overcoming their challenges. The rising sun becomes a representation of new beginnings and the beauty that follows darkness.
For instance, in the anime "Your Lie in April," the sun metaphorically represents the main character's emotional awakening. The main character, Kōsei, is engulfed in sorrow and trauma, a direct contrast to the vibrant sun that symbolizes the warmth of human connections. The introduction of Kaori, a lively violinist, acts as the catalyst that guides Kōsei back to his passion for music, paralleling the idea of the sun dispelling the darkness of his despair. This transformation highlights how the sun is not just a physical presence but also a beacon of emotional healing.
Key Points:
- The sun often serves as a symbol of rebirth, indicating a new phase in characters' lives.
- Its warm rays represent emotional support, fostering deeper connections among characters.
- Such representations resonate with viewers, providing comfort and inspiration during difficult times.
"In anime, the sun often symbolizes hope; it is a promise that darkness is temporary."
The Sun in Characters’ Emotional Landscapes
The emotional landscapes of characters in anime and manga are intricately designed, where the sun plays a significant role. Creators use the sun to enhance character development and convey complex emotions effectively.
Characters experiencing internal conflict often do so in a setting illuminated by sunlight. This juxtaposition emphasizes their struggle. For instance, in the series "Naruto," the conflict within Naruto Uzumaki parallels the shifting sunlight. When Naruto feels alone, he is often portrayed in shadow. Yet, when he finds companionship and purpose, sunlight floods the screen, highlighting his emotional growth.
In another example, "Attack on Titan" presents a stark, contrasting imagery with the sun. The characters face harrowing circumstances, but the occasional glimpses of sunlight serve as a reminder of hope against overwhelming odds. These representations of sunlight offer contrasts that reflect the characters’ psychological states at pivotal moments.
Considerations in Emotional Representation:
- The mood created by sunlight can alter the viewer's perception of character motivations.
- Characters may reflect hope when bathed in sunlight, offering the audience a sense of relief.
- Visual elements related to sunlight can symbolize clarity and understanding in characters’ journeys.
In summary, the house of the sun in anime and manga embodies more than visual significance. It serves as a profound metaphorical tool, shedding light on hope and emotional experiences in character narratives. The interplay between the sun and characters' emotional states allows for rich storytelling, resonating deeply with audiences.
The Evolution of the House of the Sun in Media
The evolution of the House of the Sun motif in media encapsulates the progression of cultural aesthetics and societal reflections prevalent in anime and manga. Understanding this evolution offers insights into how the portrayal of the sun and its symbolism has shifted in response to changing cultural, historical, and artistic landscapes in Japan. Over time, this motif has illustrated various facets of character development, narrative arcs, and thematic depth within stories. Analyzing these elements reveals broader implications for the evolving identity of anime and manga as a unique art form.
Trends Across Different Eras
From the early forms of manga in the Meiji era to contemporary anime, there have been significant trends in how the House of the Sun is depicted. In the post-war period, for example, the sun often represented hope and rebirth after hardship. Titles like "Astro Boy" reflect notions of renewal through optimistic themes, resonating with a society that sought recovery from despair.
As time progressed into the 1980s and 1990s, the sun's imagery transitioned into more diverse representations. In works like "Dragon Ball" and "Sailor Moon," the sun became a symbol of empowerment, tied deeply with characters’ growth and heroic journeys. Through these narratives, the sun was not merely an environmental element but an integral part of character arcs, illustrating their strength and evolution.
In more recent years, such as the 2010s and beyond, depictions have become more nuanced. Here, the sun may not always stand for hope or strength, reflecting instead the complexities of emotions and contradictions. Titles like "Your Name" flood the narrative with light yet weave in themes of sadness, loss, and connection. This shift toward a more multifaceted portrayal showcases ongoing societal changes and audience expectations, underlining that the House of the Sun adapts with cultural narratives.
Modern Interpretations and Adaptations
In modern interpretations, the House of the Sun motif takes on new life through innovative storytelling and artistic styles. Current anime and manga often explore the deeper psychological implications of sun symbolism. For instance, the radiant sun might now reflect the fragility of happiness or serve as a backdrop for internal conflict.
Films such as "A Silent Voice" utilize light and shadow to signify emotional states, employing the sun as a contrasting element, enhancing the viewer's emotional experience. This reflective nature of art showcases how creators adapt traditional symbols to resonate with contemporary themes.
Additionally, international influences play a vital role in modern adaptations. The global spread of anime and manga has led to a cross-pollination of ideas, where Western and Eastern narratives intertwine, creating fresh contexts for the House of the Sun. Anime like "Attack on Titan" and "My Hero Academia" present the sun in ways that challenge audience perceptions, merging traditional Japanese aesthetics with modern storytelling techniques.
In summary, the evolution of the House of the Sun in media is not just about changing visuals. It is a narrative of cultural expression and adaptation. Each era’s trends and modern interpretations highlight how integral the sun motif is to understanding character dynamics and thematic relevance, ultimately enriching the discourse around anime and manga.
Impact on Global Perceptions of Anime and Manga
The concept of the 'House of the Sun' carries significant weight in shaping how anime and manga are perceived across the world. It not only represents a visual and thematic motif but also serves as a bridge for cultural understanding and exchange.
From the sun's embodiment in Japanese beliefs to its manifestation in contemporary storytelling, this motif resonates well beyond its origins. It brings attention to broader cultural values and philosophical ideals prevalent in Japanese society. This understanding fosters global interest in. And as international audiences engage with these expressions, they come to appreciate intricate stories and artistry inherent in anime and manga.
In examining the impact of the 'House of the Sun' on global perceptions, several key elements emerge:
- Cultural Relevance: The sun symbolizes inspiration and energy in various cultures. This shared interest becomes a common ground for understanding and appreciating Japanese art forms.
- Themes and Narrative Depth: The integration of sun motifs often enriches characters' arcs and settings, highlighting universal themes of growth, hope, and renewal. This complexity captures the attention of global fans, inviting deeper analysis and discussions.
- Artistic Value: The aesthetic representation of sun imagery in anime and manga not only showcases Japanese artistry but has also inspired many international creators, leading to more diverse expressions within the medium.
Overall, the 'House of the Sun' plays a pivotal role in transforming global views of anime and manga from mere entertainment to serious art forms worthy of critique and appreciation.
Cultural Exchange and Reception
The reception of anime and manga in the global arena has been significantly influenced by cultural exchange. The 'House of the Sun' serves as a focal point in this dialogue. Its integration into narratives aligns with a growing interest in not just the superficial aspects of these works but also the cultural contexts behind them.
Readers outside Japan are increasingly seeking to understand the cultural symbolism related to the sun. This curiosity paves the way for engagement with Japanese literature, history, and philosophy, providing a more enriching viewing and reading experience. Furthermore, events like anime conventions and fan gatherings facilitate this exchange, allowing fans to share insights and interpretations of these motifs in community spaces.
Influence on International Fandom
The 'House of the Sun' motif has significantly impacted international fandom dynamics. As fans interact with anime and manga, they reinterpret these themes. The duality of light and shadow tied to the sun resonates with individual experiences, shaping diverse interpretations worldwide.
- Subculture Growth: Interest in the sun motif has led to the formation of niche fandoms focused on specific shows or genres that explore this theme extensively.
- Creative Responses: Fans often produce their own artwork and narratives inspired by the sun motif, further enriching the tapestry of global anime and manga culture.
- Social Media Dynamics: Platforms like Reddit and Facebook serve as hubs for discussion, where fans can share their thoughts on the sun's representation and its significance within different works.
Through these avenues, the 'House of the Sun' continues to exert influence, nurturing a global community that celebrates the cultural richness and complexity of anime and manga.
Future Directions for Research
The exploration of the 'house of the sun' motif in anime and manga opens a myriad of possibilities for future research. This area is particularly relevant due to its rich cultural background and its impact on visual arts and storytelling. By delving deeper into this subject, researchers can uncover insightful interpretations and expand understanding of its implications in modern works. This also includes the potential to evaluate how this motif resonates differently across various demographics and cultures worldwide.
Potential Areas of Exploration
- Comparative Studies: One promising approach is to conduct comparative studies between traditional Japanese art forms and contemporary anime and manga. Investigating how historical representations of the sun have influenced modern interpretations within these media can yield illuminating insights.
- Audience Reception: Analyzing how different audiences—both in Japan and internationally—perceive the 'house of the sun' can reveal cultural variances in reception and appreciation. Understanding these differences enhances the dialogue about cultural exchange and the globalization of anime and manga.
- Psychological Impacts: The psychological dimensions related to how sun imagery influences character development and viewer sentiment can be another focus. Investigating how characters associated with sunlight emotionally affect viewers could offer an intriguing angle of study.
- Emerging Technologies: With advancements in technology, exploring the integration of augmented reality or virtual reality in anime and manga that involves the sun motif could provide new dimensions to the narrative.
Interdisciplinary Approaches
Engaging interdisciplinary methods can significantly enhance research on this topic. Fields such as psychology, cultural studies, and visual arts can converge to offer a holistic perspective.
- Psychological Angles: Utilizing frameworks from psychology to assess emotional responses to sun imagery can provide depth to character analyses.
- Visual Arts: Collaborations with art historians can help trace the evolution of sun representations across different art forms, bridging the gap between historical and modern portrayals.
- Cultural Studies: Incorporating cultural studies can deepen understanding of the social and cultural contexts surrounding the creation of anime and manga. Exploring how these works reflect or challenge societal norms will enhance critical engagement with the material.
Engaging in these future directions for research not only broadens the scope of the existing literature but also enriches the understanding of how the 'house of the sun' resonates within various layers of society and art forms.
Overall, the 'house of the sun' serves as a fertile ground for academic inquiry. As interest in anime and manga continues to grow, especially in global contexts, it becomes increasingly essential to examine these narratives closely.
The End
The conclusion serves as a critical synthesis of the diverse elements discussed throughout the article. Here, we reflect on how the concept of the House of the Sun permeates anime and manga, acting as a reflective lens for cultural identities, societal values, and personal expression. This final assessment summarises the cultural significance and artistic expressions tied to this motif, highlighting the interconnectedness of thematic elements.
Summarizing Key Insights
In the exploration of the House of the Sun, several key insights emerge:
- Cultural Relevance: The sun symbolizes various aspects of Japanese culture, from hope and life to renewal and growth, particularly within Shinto beliefs.
- Artistic Expression: Artists incorporate sun motifs to convey deeper emotional narratives, using imagery and color that resonate with the audience.
- Character Development: The motif influences character arcs and their emotional landscapes, serving as a metaphor for their personal journeys and transformation.
- Global Impact: The House of the Sun has transcended its local roots, impacting international perceptions of anime and manga, fostering a greater appreciation for Japanese arts globally.
"The sun is not just a celestial body; it is a powerful symbol interwoven in the fabric of narratives, characters, and cultural identities."
Implications for Future Discourse
The discussion surrounding the House of the Sun opens up several avenues for further exploration:
- Cultural Studies: Future research can delve deeper into how this motif evolves across different forms of media and its implications in contemporary narratives.
- Interdisciplinary Approaches: Scholars might consider engaging with psychology, sociology, and art theory to assess the broader implications and interpretations of the Sun within various contexts.
- Comparative Analyses: Analyzing the House of the Sun in relation to similar motifs in global art forms could provide insights into universal themes and cultural exchanges.
Overall, understanding the House of the Sun enhances appreciation for anime and manga, encouraging readers to think critically about the narratives they consume.
