KawaiiRealm logo

Exploring the Anime Aesthetic: Trends and Impact

Illustration showcasing various anime character designs
Illustration showcasing various anime character designs

Intro

Anime has evolved into a significant cultural phenomenon, influencing and being influenced by various aesthetics around the world. The unique visual style of anime is often instantly recognizable, marked by vibrant colors, exaggerated expressions, and distinctive character designs. This article seeks to dissect these defining traits, providing a clear understanding of what constitutes the "anime look."

In this exploration, readers will engage with key character profiles, thematic concerns, and popular series that shape the landscape of contemporary anime. The synthesis of its visual styles reveals not just an art form, but a representation of cultural contexts.

Character Profiles

Overview of Main Characters

Characters are at the heart of anime. Their designs and personalities often encapsulate complex narratives and emotions. A typical anime protagonist might exhibit large expressive eyes, vibrant hair colors, and unique clothing styles, which serves to communicate their personality traits quickly to the audience. For instance, characters like Monkey D. Luffy from One Piece and Naruto Uzumaki from Naruto showcase youthful exuberance and ambition through their designs and expressions.

These main characters often represent archetypes that resonate globally, transcending language barriers. The design choices are usually deliberate, providing insights into their backgrounds and roles within the story.

Supporting Characters

Supporting characters play a crucial role in enriching the narrative. Their designs often reflect their relationship to the main character. For example, the rival character may have contrasting colors or sharper geometric shapes that signify tension or conflict. In Attack on Titan, characters like Levi Ackerman and Mikasa Ackerman have designs that emphasize their warrior skills and serious natures through armor and tactical gear.

Understanding these designs can unlock layers to stories that might otherwise go unnoticed, shedding light on how the visual aspects contribute to character dynamics.

Theme Exploration

Central Themes

Anime often grapples with themes like friendship, sacrifice, and the battle between good and evil. These recurring motifs shape the narratives and the characters' journeys. A series like My Hero Academia presents a blend of heroism and the struggles that come with it. Each character's abilities also reflect their personal struggles and growth, a central theme in the narrative.

Cultural References

Additionally, cultural references within anime reveal a connection to Japanese society and history. Many series incorporate elements derived from folklore or societal issues, which provide depth for audiences familiar with these contexts. For instance, Spirited Away includes references to Shinto beliefs and Japanese culture, allowing for a richer viewing experience.

Popular Series and Recommendations

Top Anime Series of the Year

In the ever-evolving landscape of anime, some series stand out each year. In 2023, notable series include:

  • Chainsaw Man
  • Jujutsu Kaisen
  • Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba

Each of these series presents innovative animation and compelling narratives that reflect contemporary themes and artistry.

Hidden Gems in Manga

While anime garners global attention, manga often contains lesser-known narratives that deserve recognition. Some hidden gems from recent years include:

  • Yona of the Dawn
  • A Silent Voice
  • March Comes in Like a Lion

These titles offer unique storytelling experiences with nuanced character developments, illustrating the diverse artistry found within manga.

"Understanding anime aesthetics is as much about visual styles as it is about narratives that resonate across cultures."

Understanding the Anime Look

The concept of the 'anime look' holds a significant place in both artistic and cultural discussions within the anime community. Understanding this topic is crucial for several reasons. First, it allows creators and audiences to appreciate the unique visual language that anime employs. This distinct aesthetic is not just for visual appeal; it conveys emotions, narratives, and cultural nuances that resonate deeply with viewers.

The 'anime look' is characterized by specific visual traits, such as large expressive eyes, unique character designs, and vibrant color palettes. These elements distinguish anime from other forms of animation and contribute to its global popularity. Moreover, recognizing these characteristics can enhance the viewing experience, as audiences become more attuned to subtle artistic choices and storytelling techniques that define many anime series.

Benefits of Understanding the Anime Look:

  • Appreciation of Artistry: Knowing how the anime aesthetic works allows viewers to appreciate the technical skill involved in character creation.
  • Cultural Insight: The visual elements often reflect cultural themes and societal values in Japan, enriching the understanding of the stories being told.
  • Informed Discussions: A foundational grasp of anime aesthetics enables more meaningful conversations among fans and critics.

As we will explore further, the anime look has evolved through various historical influences, making its study not only a celebration of style but also a window into the cultural and societal shifts Japan has experienced over the decades.

Defining Visual Aesthetics

Visual representation of different anime styles
Visual representation of different anime styles

Visual aesthetics in anime constitute a broad array of components that shape its unique identity. Starting with character design, features such as exaggerated facial expressions and body proportions serve to enhance the narrative. For instance, the oversize eyes are often used to convey a character's emotions, emphasizing innocence, fear, or excitement. In addition to character features, backgrounds play a vital role in setting the tone of a scene, varying from detailed urban landscapes to serene natural environments.

Moreover, the meticulous use of color contributes significantly to the anime aesthetic. Bright colors draw attention, while softer palettes may evoke specific moods or themes. It is also common for colors to symbolize traits or concepts, enabling audiences to grasp deeper meanings behind the visuals. The consistency and coherence of these visual elements create a recognizable anime style that is both relatable and appealing.

Historical Foundations

The historical roots of anime aesthetics can be traced back to several influences, both domestic and international. Initially, anime evolved from traditional Japanese art forms such as ukiyo-e, which emphasized vibrant color and dynamic composition. Early works in the 20th century began to incorporate Western animation techniques, further shaping the visual style that audiences associate with anime today.

During the post-war period, Japan underwent significant cultural changes. The rise of manga as a medium paralleled the development of anime, with many successful titles transitioning from print to screen. As television became more prevalent in Japan in the 1960s, shows like Astro Boy exemplified the standardized character designs and storytelling techniques that would characterize the genre going forward.

Over the years, anime has continued to adapt and transform. The incorporation of new technology in animation has facilitated greater freedom in artistic expression. The blend of techniques and styles, including Western influences, has contributed to the rich tapestry that defines anime aesthetics. As the medium evolves, understanding its historical foundations becomes essential for appreciating its future developments.

Key Characteristics of Anime Art

The realm of anime art is marked by distinctive traits that set it apart from other forms of artistic expression. Recognizing these key characteristics is vital for understanding how anime communicates emotions, develops narratives, and connects with audiences. This section dissects various elements that contribute to the anime art style, highlighting their significance in both creation and appreciation of anime.

Facial Features and Expressions

Facial features in anime are often exaggerated. Large eyes, small noses, and expressive mouths are hallmarks of this style. The size of the eyes is especially notable, serving as a canvas for conveying a character's emotions and depth. The intricate designs of pupils, reflections, and colors add layers to the expressiveness. For example, a character's despair may be portrayed through drooping eyelids and downturned mouths, while joy is expressed through wide, sparkling eyes. This focus on facial expressions allows viewers to connect with characters on an emotional level.

In addition, different genres may adopt varying facial aesthetics. For instance, shoujo anime may feature softer features aimed at representing beauty, while shounen may favor more angular designs to suggest strength. Overall, the portrayal of facial features in anime is not merely about aesthetics; it is fundamental to storytelling and emotional impact.

Color Palettes

Color plays a crucial role in setting the tone of an anime. Typically, anime utilizes bright and vivid colors to attract attention and evoke specific feelings. Pastel hues may be employed in softer narratives, while darker shades could highlight more serious themes. Each color can invoke a different psychological reaction, making palettes an essential tool that creators use intentionally.

Certain shows may adhere to specific color schemes that represent character traits. For example, a character associated with nature might sport greens and browns, while a more ruthless character might be clad in red and black. Thus, the colors are not just decorative; they are integrative elements of character and plot development.

Line Work and Shading Techniques

Line work in anime often varies from thick outlines to delicate, barely perceptible strokes. Thick lines may denote strength and presence, while finer, more intricate lines add details that suggest softness or fragility. The technical decisions regarding line thickness help define the overall style of the animation, impacting viewers’ perception of characters and scenes.

Shading techniques in anime are equally transformative. Cell shading creates a stark contrast between light and shadow, enhancing three-dimensionality and making characters stand out dynamically. Alternatively, gradient shading may provide a more subtle appearance, useful in softer, emotional scenes. The mix of these techniques contributes to the viewer's immersion and overall experience.

"The artistic choices in anime regarding line work and shading penetrate beyond aesthetics, affecting narrative pacing and thematic resonance."

Through understanding these key characteristics, enthusiasts can appreciate not only the craftsmanship behind their favorite series but also the nuances that inform character development and storytelling. Each element works cohesively to create a unique experience that is distinctly anime.

Iconic Character Designs

In the realm of anime, character design serves as a vital element that significantly shapes the viewer's experience. Character designs not only reflect the personality and depth of individuals within the narrative but also contribute to the overall aesthetic appeal of an anime series. Each character becomes a visual representation of themes, emotions, and cultural values, offering a multi-layered understanding of the storyline. Moreover, the traits that define the characters can capture audience attention, fostering strong emotional connections that resonate throughout the viewing experience.

Protagonists vs. Antagonists

Typically, protagonists and antagonists are designed with distinct visual cues that underscore their roles in the story. Protagonists often possess features that are relatable and appealing. For instance, many heroes are depicted with large, expressive eyes and a striking hairstyle, distinguishing them from others and inviting empathy from viewers. Their appearance generally embodies traits such as courage, determination, or innocence, all contributing to audience attachment.

In stark contrast, antagonists may exhibit sharper facial angles, darker color palettes, and more intricate designs that evoke a sense of unease. They often present exaggerated features or unique attire that symbolize their menace or complexity. This attention to detail serves to illustrate the moral dichotomy within the narrative. Here, the design becomes a silent storyteller, framing the conflict between good and evil in a visual manner that enhances the overall impact.

Some examples of this design philosophy can be seen in notable characters like Naruto Uzumaki and Sasuke Uchiha from the series Naruto, where their appearances reflect their contrasting roles and personal journeys throughout the story.

Trends in Character Archetypes

Character archetypes play an essential role in shaping anime. Each archetype serves as a foundation upon which designers build individual characters. Common archetypes include the hero, mentor, sidekick, and trickster. These archetypes often manifest in distinct visual designs that audiences have come to recognize, creating a familiarity that can enhance engagement.

Reviewing current trends, more complex characters have emerged that blend multiple archetypes. A character may start as a classic hero but exhibit traits of a trickster. This evolution in design reflects societal shifts and changing storytelling norms, prompting artists to explore new depths in character development. Such diversity not only enriches the narrative but encourages creativity within fan art and community interpretations.

"Character designs in anime encapsulate cultural values, relational dynamics, and societal reflections, making them instrumental in storytelling."

Cultural Influences on Anime Aesthetics

The influence of culture on anime aesthetics is profound and multifaceted. This section will explore how both Japanese traditions and Western adaptations have shaped the visual style and themes in anime. Understanding these influences is essential because it reveals the broader societal and artistic contexts in which anime exists. Cultural elements enrich the narratives and character designs, making them resonate with diverse audiences worldwide. They also help fans connect deeply, providing a shared language of visual motifs and storytelling techniques.

Japanese Cultural Elements

Artistic depiction of the evolution of anime aesthetics
Artistic depiction of the evolution of anime aesthetics

Anime aesthetics are deeply rooted in Japanese culture. This influence manifests itself in various aspects, from visual styles to narrative themes. Traditional art forms like ukiyo-e and calligraphy have an evident impact on anime's visual representations. These art styles emphasize elegance in lines and detail, which translates into character designs and environment backgrounds.

Additionally, significant cultural symbols appear frequently in anime. For example, motifs such as cherry blossoms (sakura) and seasonal changes symbolize the ephemeral nature of life, reflecting Buddhist philosophical themes. Kitten imagery often evokes cuteness and innocence, essential archetypes in many young characters.

The significance of mythological creatures can also not be overlooked. Characters inspired by yokai or kami enrich stories with elements of fantasy, exploring the relationship between humans and the supernatural. Such cultural representation deepens the narrative experience for audiences, especially those familiar with these symbols and stories.

Western Influences and Adaptations

As anime has gained international popularity, Western influences have significantly shaped its evolution. Several creators have integrated elements from Western media, such as comic books and movies. This cross-pollination leads to diverse storytelling techniques and visual styles that resonate with global audiences.

One notable trend is the blending of animation styles. Series like "Avatar: The Last Airbender" blend anime aesthetics with Western storytelling elements, creating a unique fusion that appeals to a broad viewership. Furthermore, the use of motion graphics and CGI mirrors the techniques found in Hollywood productions, showcasing anime’s adaptability to contemporary viewing preferences.

Additionally, representation and character diversity have become focal points due to Western influence. This evolution highlights global issues and personal narratives in anime, creating characters of varied backgrounds and experiences.

In summary, both Japanese and Western cultural influences are pivotal in shaping anime aesthetics. They contribute to a rich tapestry that enhances both visual and narrative depth in anime, making it a continually evolving art form.

Technological Impact on Anime Design

The realm of anime has always been intertwined with technological advancements. From the hand-drawn frames of early animation to the sophisticated digital tools utilized today, technology plays a crucial role in shaping the anime aesthetic. This section explores how these innovations have transformed the art form, highlighting both the benefits and challenges associated with them. It is essential to consider how technology continues to influence not only the visual aspects of anime but also the ways in which fans engage with it.

Digital Art and Animation Tools

Digital art tools have revolutionized the anime industry. Software such as Adobe Photoshop and Clip Studio Paint allows artists to create intricate designs more efficiently than traditional methods. In addition, animation software like Toon Boom Harmony and Maya provides comprehensive solutions for frame-by-frame animation and 3D modeling.

The advantages of using digital tools include:

  • Increased Efficiency: Artists can create, modify, and enhance their work faster. This leads to shorter production cycles and the ability to meet demanding schedules for series releases.
  • Greater Flexibility: With digital tools, changes can be made easily. Artists no longer need to redo entire frames for minor adjustments.
  • Enhanced Collaboration: Online platforms enable artists to work together from different locations. This collaboration enriches the creative process and often leads to innovative designs.

Despite these benefits, there are considerations artists must navigate. Over-reliance on digital tools can sometimes lead to a loss of the traditional craftsmanship that defines anime’s character. Some argue that the unique imperfections found in hand-drawn art may be lost when relying solely on digital methods.

Emergence of CGI in Anime

The integration of CGI into anime has marked a significant shift in how stories are told. This technology enhances visual storytelling by providing dynamic and three-dimensional scenes that were once difficult to achieve through traditional animation alone. Popular series like "Attack on Titan" and films from Studio Ghibli showcase how CGI can create immersive environments and complex action sequences.

The impact of CGI includes:

  • Visual Depth: CGI enables artists to create detailed and expansive worlds, enriching the viewing experience.
  • Realistic Animation: Movement can be rendered more fluidly, allowing for epic battles and intricate choreography that captivates viewers.
  • Access to New Genres: With CGI, anime can explore genres that require high levels of visual effects, such as sci-fi and fantasy. This broadens the scope of storytelling in the medium.

Nevertheless, the rise of CGI is not without critique. Some purists believe that heavy CGI can detract from the signature style of anime, which often relies on a distinct hand-drawn aesthetic. The challenge lies in finding a balance between maintaining traditional art styles while embracing new technology.

"Technology in anime is not merely a tool; it is a partner in storytelling that shapes the viewer's experience."

The shift toward a more technological approach affects the industry and viewer relationships as well. Fans are increasingly exposed to merged forms of art—where traditional hand-drawn aesthetics coexist with cutting-edge CGI. This convergence highlights the adaptability of anime in an ever-changing technological landscape.

Evolution of the Anime Look Over Time

The evolution of anime aesthetics is a critical focus in understanding how artistic expression, cultural influences, and technological advancements shape the visual landscape of this medium. The anime look is not static; it reflects ongoing changes in societal norms, tastes, and the interplay between local and global influences. As anime gained popularity, its visual characteristics transformed significantly. This transformation not only highlights the creativity within the industry but also reveals how external factors, such as technological progress and globalization, play a role in crafting the anime style we see today.

Classic vs. Modern Styles

In analyzing classic and modern styles, it is essential to recognize the distinct visual elements that characterize each era. Classic anime often drew inspiration from traditional Japanese art forms. The color palettes were more muted, and the character designs leaned towards realism in facial structures. Notable series like Astro Boy or Mobile Suit Gundam visually reflect this period, focusing on detailed backgrounds and a more conservative approach to character proportions.

In contrast, modern anime often embraces a more exaggerated style. Bright colors, large expressive eyes, and simplified facial features are hallmarks of newer productions. This stylistic change provides a noticeable shift towards emotion and expressiveness. For example, series like My Hero Academia and Demon Slayer exemplify this contemporary aesthetic by employing sharp line work and vibrant hues, which capture energetic scenes and character dynamics effectively.

The introduction of digital tools has significantly influenced modern styles. Artists use software to enhance detail and create effects that were previously impossible. This technological leap allows for more dynamic movement and complex scenes that adorn current anime.

Impact of Globalization

Globalization has played a pivotal role in the evolution of anime aesthetics. The fusion of different cultural elements into anime has led to more diverse artistic styles. Creators are now inspired by Western animation techniques, and this results in a richer visual vocabulary. The cross-pollination of ideas encourages experimentation that can lead to innovative designs and storytelling methods.

Moreover, anime's international popularity has led to an audience that demands variety and inclusivity. As a response, studios are now more willing to explore multicultural themes and character designs that reflect global perspectives.

As noted in a study on animation trends, "The anime industry has begun to embrace both domestic and international influences, creating a hybrid style that resonates with a wider audience." This acceptance of diversity can lead to more engaging narratives and character development that align with the experiences of varied viewers.

Cultural impact of anime on global fandoms
Cultural impact of anime on global fandoms

The Role of Fan Art and Community

The impact of fan art and community on anime culture is remarkably significant. Fan art serves as a potent medium for personal expression. It allows dedicated fans to reinterpret characters, settings, and narratives, imbuing them with their own artistic vision. Such art often reflects the nuances of fandom, evoking varied emotional responses from viewers. It also encourages a deeper connection between the creators and the fans, bridging gaps that traditional consumption of media may not.

Furthermore, fans engage with one another through shared creations, leading to communal experiences that enrich understanding of anime. This aspect of community and collaboration plays a pivotal role in shaping perceptions of the anime look. It cultivates a space for experimentation and dialogue, fostering innovation in artistic styles while often challenging the confines of conventional anime aesthetics.

Fan Interpretations and Variations

Fan interpretations add an additional layer of depth to the already intricate anime landscape. Each artist brings their unique perspective, resulting in a plethora of variations in character design and storytelling. This diversity is not merely a duplication of existing art but an objective examination of themes, emotions, and character motivations. Fans leverage their interpretations to explore questions that mainstream anime may overlook.

Consequently, these variations can ignite discussions about storytelling techniques, character arcs, and in some cases, missed opportunities in original works. Through platforms like Reddit and various art-sharing sites, these interpretations can garner attention, enabling fans to gain insights from one another’s perspectives. This exchange of ideas thus promotes critical engagement with the material rather than passive consumption.

Online Platforms and Collaborative Creation

Online platforms have revolutionized the way fans create and share their work. Websites like DeviantArt and Reddit enable artists to showcase their creations and receive immediate feedback from the community. This can lead to constructive critiques that enhance skills and inspire artists to push their boundaries.

Social media further amplifies this phenomenon. Platforms like Facebook and Twitter provide avenues for collaboration and collective projects. Artists can come together to produce group fan art, themed events, or even large-scale projects like fan animations. These collaborative efforts are instrumental in building community spirit and collective identity among fans.

In summation, the symbiotic relationship between fan art and community enriches the anime space. It promotes diversity and fosters connections that go beyond mere admiration of the medium. The potential for artistic growth, communal feedback, and collaboration is an essential aspect of what sustains anime culture, making it continuously evolve while retaining elements distinct to its roots.

Critiques of the Anime Look

The aesthetic nature of anime has long invited scrutiny. Critiques of the anime look are crucial in evaluating its influence, offering insights into cultural perceptions and evolving artistic practices. This section aims to highlight the disparity between varied interpretations of anime, focusing on stereotypes and artistic innovation. Understanding these critiques adds depth to the conversation about anime's position in both artistic and cultural discourses.

Stereotypes and Misconceptions

Anime often faces simplifying stereotypes. Many people view anime as merely childish or overly sexualized. Such perceptions can stem from a limited exposure to the different genres and narratives within anime. In reality, anime encompasses a vast array of themes, styles, and storytelling forms.

Critics argue that these misconceptions overshadow the medium's ability to touch on complex topics such as identity, morality, and existential inquiries. The anime look is not confined to the narrow portrayals that some may suggest; rather, it provides a canvas for nuanced character explorations and diverse storytelling.

Furthermore, damaging stereotypes can also affect creators. Artists working within the anime industry may feel pressured to conform to clichéd designs or narratives rather than innovate. In this sense, it is essential for viewers and creators alike to challenge existing beliefs and broaden their horizons.

"Understanding anime requires moving beyond surface-level observations to fully appreciate its artistry and cultural significance."

Artistic Repetition and Innovation

Artistic innovation within anime is both celebrated and critiqued. On one hand, there is an evident lineage in anime design, creating similar traits across different works. This can foster a sense of familiarity but may also lead to the perception of repetition. Critics point out that this repetition can hinder creativity, making the medium seem stagnant at times.

However, innovation is also present. Many creators blend traditional techniques with modern influences, giving rise to unique styles. For example, the emergence of works such as "Attack on Titan" and "Demon Slayer" illustrate how new approaches can revitalize established visuals, pushing boundaries.

Types of innovation often include:

  • New narrative structures.
  • Experimental art styles.
  • Integration of advanced technology tools.

As audiences become more discerning, there is a growing demand for originality. Artistic growth in anime hinges on the fine balance between honoring established aesthetics and embracing change. Creators must navigate this landscape to keep the medium vibrant and engaging.

Future Trends in Anime Aesthetics

Understanding future trends in anime aesthetics is crucial for comprehending the evolution of this unique art form. As the world becomes more interconnected, influences from various cultures and technologies are integral in shaping what anime may look like moving forward. By examining emerging techniques and diverse styles, we uncover the potential paths anime may tread in the coming years.

Incorporating Diverse Styles

Anime has traditionally been characterized by its distinct visual style. However, recent trends demonstrate that incorporation of diverse styles is becoming increasingly significant.

  • With globalization, artists are drawing inspiration from various art movements, including impressionism, surrealism, and street art. This blending of styles enriches the anime aesthetic, making it more visually appealing to a broader audience.
  • Furthermore, influential works from non-Japanese creators have started to gain traction. This shift not only opens doors for collaboration but also encourages artists to explore new narratives and themes.

As anime continues to evolve, the integration of diverse styles can serve as a cornerstone for innovation. It allows creators to challenge traditional norms and explore more complex character designs and settings, broadening the storytelling canvas and enhancing viewer engagement.

The Role of Virtual Reality in Anime Viewing

Virtual reality (VR) is becoming more accessible and popular among audiences, and its influence on anime is noteworthy. VR has the potential to completely transform how viewers experience anime.

  • Immersive experiences allow viewers to step into the anime world, making them feel like they are part of the story. This level of engagement could lead to a deeper emotional connection with the content.
  • Platforms that incorporate VR technology can create interactive environments where fans can explore settings, interact with characters, and join communities in real-time. This integration fosters a sense of belonging and enhances fan engagement.

Also, anime creators are beginning to experiment with 360-degree storytelling, allowing narratives to unfold in new and innovative ways.

"The adoption of VR in anime represents the starting point of a new era in storytelling, where viewers are not just passive consumers, but active participants."

As these developments unfold, the future of anime aesthetics will undoubtedly be marked by creativity and technological advancement. The convergence of diverse visual styles and virtual reality promises to elevate anime into an even more dynamic and inclusive art form.

Dynamic portrayal of friendship and loyalty in Tokyo Revengers
Dynamic portrayal of friendship and loyalty in Tokyo Revengers
Dive into the world of Tokyo Revengers! 🌟 Explore its themes of friendship, time travel, and the impact of gang culture on modern Japan. 🇯🇵 Uncover character dynamics and cultural significance.
Where to Watch Danganronpa 2: A Comprehensive Guide Introduction
Where to Watch Danganronpa 2: A Comprehensive Guide Introduction
Discover where to watch Danganronpa 2 with this thorough guide! 📺 Explore streaming services, purchasing options, and regional availability for all fans.
A scene from Darling in the Franxx showcasing the vibrant animation style
A scene from Darling in the Franxx showcasing the vibrant animation style
Discover how to watch 'Darling in the Franxx' on Netflix! 🌐 Learn about account setups, regional access differences, and viewing tips to enhance your experience. 🍿
A vibrant comic panel showcasing a character in a striking cross-dressing outfit, representing the fluidity of identity.
A vibrant comic panel showcasing a character in a striking cross-dressing outfit, representing the fluidity of identity.
Explore the intricate representations of cross-dressing in comics 🎭. This article reviews its cultural significance, challenges to norms, and deeper themes of identity and fluidity.